Mitochondria: Energy Production
Cellular Respiration:
The primary function of mitochondria is to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the universal currency of cellular energy. This process, known as cellular respiration, occurs in multiple stages within the mitochondria.
Glycolysis (Cytoplasm): Glucose, a sugar molecule, undergoes partial breakdown in the cytoplasm, producing pyruvate.
Pyruvate Decarboxylation (Mitochondrial Membrane): Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria, where it undergoes further modification, releasing carbon dioxide.
Citric Acid Cycle (Matrix): Acetyl-CoA, derived from pyruvate, enters the citric acid cycle, producing molecules that carry high-energy electrons.
Electron Transport Chain (Inner Membrane – Cristae): High-energy electrons generated in earlier stages travel through protein complexes in the inner membrane, creating a flow of protons. This flow drives the synthesis of ATP.
Oxidative Phosphorylation (Inner Membrane): ATP is produced as protons flow back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase, a molecular turbine.
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